The Anjouan scops owl, endemic to the island of Anjouan in the Comoros archipelago, is a captivating species belonging to the genus Otus. Known for its distinctive grey and rufous color phases and the unique small ear-tufts, this owl presents a fascinating subject for bird enthusiasts and nature lovers alike.
What makes the Anjouan scops owl truly intriguing is its journey from presumed extinction to rediscovery in 1992. This rare bird’s story, coupled with its unique physical characteristics and behaviors, offers a wealth of interesting facts that highlight the richness of avian diversity.
1) Anjouan Island Endemic
The Anjouan scops owl (Otus capnodes) is a species found exclusively on Anjouan Island, part of the Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean. This makes it an island endemic, meaning it is native to this specific location and nowhere else in the world.
The owl’s habitat consists of the remaining fragments of native upland forests, degraded forests, and plantations. It particularly favors large trees situated on steep slopes, which provide suitable nesting and hunting grounds.
During the late 19th century, this owl species was first discovered. For a long time, it was feared extinct due to the lack of sightings. The Anjouan scops owl was rediscovered in June 1992, reaffirming its presence on the island.
Endemism on Anjouan Island highlights the ecological uniqueness of the area. The owl’s dependence on native habitats underlines the importance of forest conservation. The limited distribution makes the species particularly vulnerable to habitat loss and environmental changes.
Unique and restricted to Anjouan, the scops owl plays a significant role in the island’s biodiversity. Protecting this species requires careful management of its natural habitat to ensure its survival.
2) Unique ‘boop’ call
The Anjouan scops owl is known for its distinctive vocalization. Unlike other scops owls, it produces a unique ‘boop’ call. This sound is a drawn-out whistle, often repeated with short pauses in between.
The call can be likened to the “pee-oo” call of the grey plover. This characteristic makes the Anjouan scops owl easily identifiable by sound. Birdwatchers on the island of Anjouan often rely on this call to locate the elusive bird.
The owl’s remarkable vocalization includes a series of mournful, descending whistles. Each whistle is similar in tone to the flight call of a black scoter. This series of calls differentiates it from other owls in the area.
Locally, the Anjouan scops owl is known as “badanga.” The call is not only unique but also plays a crucial role in the bird’s communication and mating rituals. The persistence and pattern of the call reveal much about its behavior and territory.
3) Owl Family: Strigidae
The Anjouan scops owl belongs to the family Strigidae, which is commonly known as the true owl family. This family includes a wide variety of owl species found across the globe.
True owls are known for their distinct facial discs, which help them with sound localization, making them excellent hunters. They have a wide range of vocalizations used for communication and territorial marking.
Members of the Strigidae family typically have robust bodies and strong talons suited for catching prey. Their diet often includes insects, small mammals, and birds. These owls are primarily nocturnal, relying on their keen sense of hearing and sight to hunt in low light conditions.
Strigidae owls exhibit a diverse range of sizes and colors. While some species are large and powerful, others, like the Anjouan scops owl, are smaller and more adapted to forest habitats. Despite their differences, these owls share many anatomical and behavioral traits.
The Strigidae family encompasses over 220 species. This diversity underlines the family’s adaptability to various environments and climates, from dense forests to open plains. Each species plays a crucial role in its ecosystem, often controlling pest populations.
The presence of small ear tufts in some Strigidae members, including the Anjouan scops owl, is a characteristic trait, though the purpose of these tufts is still debated among scientists.
4) Discovered in 1886
The Anjouan scops owl (Otus capnodes) was first discovered in 1886 on the island of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands. Researchers noted its presence in the island’s native upland forests.
This initial discovery was significant as it marked a scientific acknowledgment of a unique species endemic to the region. The owl’s habitat then mainly comprised native forests and plantations.
Records of the Anjouan scops owl ceased after its initial discovery, leading many to believe it had vanished. The absence of sightings and data collection lasted over a century.
This species’ re-emergence in 1992 reignited scientific interest and underscored the importance of preserving its limited habitat on Anjouan.
5) Re-discovered in 1992
The Anjouan scops owl, a bird native to Anjouan Island in the Comoro Islands, was rediscovered in June of 1992. Before this significant finding, the species had not been recorded with certainty since about 1886. This rediscovery brought new attention to the owl’s conservation status.
Scientists initially believed that the Anjouan scops owl was extinct due to habitat loss and lack of sightings. The excitement surrounding its rediscovery highlighted the need for further study and efforts to protect its remaining forest habitats.
The Anjouan scops owl is distinguished by its unique plumage and distinct vocalizations, which set it apart from the Madagascar scops owl. These differences played a crucial role in confirming that the Anjouan scops owl is indeed a separate species.
This event of rediscovery underscores the importance of continuous wildlife monitoring and the possibility that other presumed extinct species might still be surviving in isolated or overlooked habitats. The Anjouan scops owl’s rediscovery serves as a symbol of hope and a reminder of the ecological richness of the Comoro Islands.
6) Only 100-200 individuals
The Anjouan scops owl is one of the rarest birds in the world.
Current estimates suggest that there are only between 100 and 200 individuals left in the wild.
This small population makes the species critically endangered and highlights its vulnerability.
Efforts for its conservation are crucial to prevent its extinction.
The owl is restricted to the island of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands.
Given its limited habitat and the degradation of its environment, protecting its natural forests is essential.
Conservation programs focus on habitat restoration and protecting the remaining forest fragments.
Every individual owl plays a vital role in ensuring the species’ survival.
Local and international efforts are needed to maintain and hopefully increase the population.
7) Lives in tropical rainforests
The Anjouan scops owl inhabits the remaining fragments of rainforest on Anjouan Island, part of the Comoros archipelago.
These tropical rainforests provide essential cover and abundant food for this rare owl, allowing it to thrive.
Dense foliage and a rich canopy layer are crucial as they offer protection from predators and a suitable environment for hunting.
8) Nocturnal hunter
The Anjouan scops owl is predominantly active during the night, making it a true nocturnal hunter. This behavior allows it to exploit prey that is more active or accessible after dark.
It has exceptional night vision, aiding it in navigating and hunting in low-light conditions. Its large eyes and facial disc help focus sound and sight, crucial for detecting prey in the dark.
The owl’s diet mainly consists of insects and small vertebrates, which it captures using its sharp talons. Its keen sense of hearing is also crucial, allowing it to detect the slightest movements of prey even when they are not visible.
Stealth and silence are paramount to its hunting strategy. The Anjouan scops owl’s soft feathers enable nearly noiseless flight, a vital adaptation for approaching unsuspecting prey.
The owl’s hunting technique involves short flights from perch to perch, scanning the ground below. When it spots potential prey, it swoops down swiftly to capture it with precision.
9) Feeds on insects
The Anjouan scops owl primarily feeds on insects. This diet is typical for many species of scops owls, which are known for their insectivorous habits.
These owls are nocturnal hunters. They use their keen sense of hearing and sharp vision to locate insects in the dark.
Insects like beetles, moths, and other small invertebrates make up the majority of their meals. This preference helps them thrive in the various forest habitats on Anjouan Island.
Their feeding behavior involves quietly perching on branches. They wait for an unsuspecting insect to come close before swooping down to catch it with precision.
Given their habitat in the remaining fragments of native upland forest, degraded forest, and plantations, their reliance on insects plays a critical role in controlling insect populations in these ecosystems.
10) Conservation status: Critically Endangered
The Anjouan scops owl, native to the island of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands, is listed as Critically Endangered. This owl’s population faced drastic decline due to habitat loss and degradation.
For much of the 20th century, the Anjouan scops owl was presumed extinct. Rediscovered in 1992, efforts have since been underway to assess and monitor its population.
Surveys conducted by the Bristol Conservation and The Science Foundation have recently revealed that while the species remains threatened, its population may be larger than previously believed.
Conservation efforts focus on habitat restoration and protection. These efforts also emphasize engaging local communities to support the owl’s conservation.
Maintaining accurate data on the Anjouan scops owl’s population and its habitat needs remains crucial for its survival.
11) Scientific name: Otus capnodes
The Anjouan scops owl is scientifically named Otus capnodes. This name was assigned in 1889 by Gurney, JH Sr.
Otus is a genus commonly referred to as scops owls, characterized by their cryptic plumage and small size. Capnodes denotes the species’ specific identity within this genus.
Otus capnodes is an owl species endemic to Anjouan, one of the Comoro Islands. It inhabits upland forests and plantations.
This owl’s name highlights its unique ecological niche and evolutionary lineage. The classification emphasizes its isolated geographic range, found nowhere else in the world.
12) Nest in tree cavities
The Anjouan scops owl is known for its preference to nest in natural tree cavities. These tiny birds often choose hollows in large trees, providing safety and protection for their eggs and chicks.
Tree cavities offer a secure environment against predators and harsh weather conditions. The choice of nesting in such locations helps ensure a higher survival rate for the young owls.
These owls are adept at finding suitable tree hollows, typically selecting those that offer maximum protection and seclusion. This behavior shows their adaptability to their natural habitat and the changing environment of Anjouan Island.
13) Small, around 20 cm tall
The Anjouan scops owl is a notably small owl, typically measuring between 20 to 22 centimeters in length. This compact size contributes to its stealth and ability to navigate the dense forests of Anjouan with ease.
Small ear tufts, often difficult to see, further enhance the owl’s streamlined appearance. Its diminutive stature does not impede its hunting capabilities, as it adeptly captures insects and small prey.
The owl’s wingspan stretches to around 45 centimeters, providing it with the agility needed for swift, silent flight. Despite its small size, the Anjouan scops owl’s build is robust, allowing it to thrive in various habitats from remnant rainforests to secondary forests.
14) Brown and grey plumage
The Anjouan scops owl displays two distinct plumage colorations: dark ashy-brown and paler rufous-brown. These color variations help the owls blend into their surroundings effectively.
The darker ashy-brown form is typically characterized by a more uniform and somber coloration. This allows the owl to remain well-camouflaged against the dark forest foliage.
Conversely, the paler rufous-brown form shows a lighter, more reddish hue that contrasts with the ashy-brown form. This variation in plumage provides a unique way for the owls to integrate seamlessly into different foliage types.
The plumage of the Anjouan scops owl is further detailed with patterns of bars and streaks. These markings help break up the owl’s silhouette, adding to its camouflage.
Whether displaying the dark ashy-brown or the lighter rufous-brown plumage, the Anjouan scops owl’s coloration is crucial for its survival. The patterns and hues ensure that it remains hidden from potential predators and prey.
15) Large eyes for night vision
The Anjouan scops owl, like other owl species, has evolved large eyes to excel in low light conditions. Its eyes are not spherical but tubular, which increases their size relative to the skull.
This unique shape allows more light to enter, significantly improving the owl’s ability to see in the dark. These adaptations are crucial for hunting nocturnal prey.
Additionally, the Anjouan scops owl possesses a high number of rod cells in its retina. These cells are sensitive to dim light, enabling excellent night vision. This configuration is vital for their survival in their natural habitat, where they rely on sharp vision to locate food in the night.
Their large eyes are fixed in their sockets, requiring the owl to turn its head to shift its gaze. This head movement, combined with their keen vision, makes them effective hunters in the dark, enhancing their predatory skills.
16) Camouflaged feathers
The Anjouan scops owl exhibits remarkable camouflage with its feathers.
The species has variations in color, including sooty grey and rufous-brown phases. These colorations allow the owl to blend seamlessly with the tree bark and foliage in its forest habitats.
The intricate patterns and colors help the owl remain undetected by predators and prey, enhancing its survival. The owl’s small ear tufts, often invisible, also contribute to its cryptic appearance.
Their ability to camouflage is especially effective in the dim light of their forest environment, where shadows and textures play a crucial role in concealment.
This natural adaptation not only aids in protection from potential threats but also makes it easier for the owl to hunt undisturbed.
17) Calls to establish territory
The Anjouan scops owl uses a distinctive call to establish and defend its territory. This call is a drawn-out whistle, repeated frequently, serving as both a territorial mark and a communication method with potential mates or rivals.
This vocalization helps to maintain boundaries with other owls, ensuring that each owl has its own space for hunting and nesting.
The call has been described as similar to the “pee-oo” call of the grey plover. It is a mournful, descending whistle that can be heard echoing through the remnants of Anjouan’s rainforest and secondary forests.
Besides territory marking, the call can help identify individual owls, as each bird may have slight variations in pitch and duration. This uniqueness aids in recognizing neighbors and deter intruders.
18) Males sing to attract females
Male Anjouan scops owls use their vocal talents to attract mates. Their calls are distinctive, often described as a drawn-out whistle. This song is repeated frequently, creating an identifiable pattern in the forest.
The mating call serves a dual purpose. It not only attracts females but also establishes territory. This behavior ensures the males maintain a defined space for themselves.
In the wild, studies show that nearly half of the marked males engage in singing. Unlike the more territorial calls, these mating songs are longer and more melodious. This difference helps females distinguish potential mates from other males.
19) Breeding season: December to March
The breeding season of the Anjouan scops owl takes place from December to March. This period aligns with the wet season on Anjouan island, which provides abundant food resources.
During this time, these owls become more vocal. Their distinctive whistles can be heard more frequently as they establish territories and attract mates.
Nesting typically occurs in tree cavities. The availability of suitable nesting sites is crucial during this period, influencing reproductive success.
Parental care is significant during the breeding season. Both parents participate in feeding and protecting the chicks, ensuring their survival.
This four-month breeding window is essential for the continuation of the species, especially given its limited population. It highlights the importance of this period for Anjouan scops owl conservation.
20) Egret-like elegance
The Anjouan scops owl, while primarily distinct in its appearance and habitat, possesses an understated elegance that echoes the grace of egrets. This comparison stems from its smooth feather textures and the refined simplicity of its coloration.
The owl exhibits two main color phases: sooty grey and rufous-brown. The sooty grey form, in particular, presents a calm yet striking presence, similar to the serene appearance of egrets.
Anjouan scops owls have small, nearly invisible ear tufts contributing to a sleek, streamlined look. This feature enhances their graceful demeanor. Found in the forests of Anjouan, their environment also complements their elegant visual harmony.
21) Low reproductive rate
The Anjouan scops owl exhibits a low reproductive rate, a factor that significantly impacts its population growth. This species, endemic to the island of Anjouan in the Comoros, faces environmental and biological challenges that limit its breeding success.
These owls usually lay just one or two eggs per breeding season. The limited number of offspring reduces the likelihood of population resilience against threats.
Contributing factors to the low reproductive rate include habitat loss and degradation. The destruction of rainforest and secondary forest environments reduces available nesting sites, impacting breeding practices.
Additionally, the isolation of the species on a single island means that genetic diversity is low. This can result in reduced fertility and higher chances of offspring being susceptible to diseases.
Overall, the combination of low egg production and environmental pressures places the Anjouan scops owl in a vulnerable position regarding its reproductive success and long-term survival.
Habitat and Distribution
The Anjouan scops owl primarily inhabits the island of Anjouan in the Comoro Islands. They reside in the island’s native upland forests and can also be found in degraded forests and agricultural plantations.
Geographical Range
This small owl is endemic to Anjouan, one of the four main islands of the Comoros archipelago off the east coast of Africa. The island’s geographical isolation has led to the owl’s unique adaptations and limited range. Surveys in 2010-2011 suggested that the species might be more widespread than initially believed. It is primarily distributed in the highland regions, although some populations are found at lower elevations in degraded or secondary forests.
Preferred Habitats
The Anjouan scops owl thrives in native upland forests, favoring areas with dense canopy cover and rich vegetation. Degraded forests and agricultural plantations also provide suitable habitats, indicating some level of adaptability. In these environments, they find shelter and ample food sources, which include insects and small mammals. The diversity of these habitats supports their particular needs, ensuring they have the resources necessary for nesting and hunting. Despite habitat degradation, these owls have shown resilience by adapting to secondary forest environments.
Physical Characteristics
The Anjouan scops owl displays a range of notable physical traits, including variations in color phases and distinct markings, which assist in camouflage. Its unique features make it distinguishable from other scops owls, especially due to its ear tufts and vocalizations.
Size and Appearance
The Anjouan scops owl (Otus capnodes) is a small owl with a compact body and relatively short wings. Its overall length ranges from 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) and it typically weighs between 50 to 100 grams (1.8 to 3.5 ounces).
This owl is seen in two primary color phases: grey and rufous. The grey form is predominantly sooty grey with fine buff bars on the head and neck. Its face is dark brown with fine streaks, and the underparts are marked with very fine brown streaks and vermiculations. The rufous form, on the other hand, displays a reddish-brown hue, blending well into its forest environment.
Distinctive Features
One of the most notable features of the Anjouan scops owl is its small ear tufts, which are much less prominent than those found in other scops owls. These tufts are often invisible, making them appear more compact and streamlined.
The tail and flight feathers of the grey form are sooty grey, contributing to its camouflage abilities. Additionally, the owl’s plumage patterns, including fine streaks and mottling, provide exceptional camouflage in the dense forests of Anjouan.
Another significant characteristic is its vocalization, which consists of a series of mournful, descending whistles. This call is unique among scops owls and assists in identifying the species. Found primarily in the remnant rainforest and secondary forest on Anjouan Island in the Comoros, this owl has adapted well to its environment.
Behavior and Diet
The Anjouan scops owl exhibits unique feeding habits and is active primarily at night. These traits help it to thrive in its native rainforest and secondary forest habitats.
Feeding Habits
The Anjouan scops owl primarily preys on insects and small vertebrates. Its diet includes various insects, such as beetles and moths, which are abundant in its habitat. On occasion, it also catches small rodents and reptiles, making it an adaptable predator.
Hunting is typically done from a perch, from which the owl swoops down on prey. This hunting technique is efficient, allowing the owl to conserve energy while maintaining a high rate of success.
A notable aspect of its feeding habits is the reliance on its excellent vision and hearing to detect prey. This sensory adaptation is crucial for its survival in the dense forest environment, where visual cues can be limited.
Nocturnal Activities
Nocturnal by nature, the Anjouan scops owl is most active during the night. This behavior reduces competition for food from diurnal predators and helps avoid the heat of the day. Their night-time activities include hunting, mating calls, and territory defense.
One of the remarkable characteristics of their nocturnal behavior is their vocalization. The call of the Anjouan scops owl consists of a series of mournful, descending whistles. This unique sound is used not only for communication between mates but also to establish territory.
During the day, these owls roost in dense foliage, which provides camouflage and protection from potential threats. The combination of nocturnal hunting and daytime roosting makes the Anjouan scops owl well-suited to its environment.