The African wattled lapwing, also known as the Senegal wattled plover, captivates bird enthusiasts with its unique appearance and behaviors. Found across most of sub-Saharan Africa, this large wader is easily recognizable by its distinctive yellow wattles and loud calls.
What makes the African wattled lapwing intriguing to study are its diverse habitats and adaptive behaviors. Whether found in marshes, savannas, or cultivated fields, these birds exhibit fascinating interactions with their environment. Prepare to explore 21 unusual and interesting facts about this remarkable species.
1) African wattled lapwings are known for their striking yellow wattles on the face.
African wattled lapwings (Vanellus senegallus) are easily identified by their prominent yellow wattles. These wattles are fleshy, bright yellow structures that stand out against the birds’ brownish plumage. The wattles are a distinctive feature, making the lapwings unmistakable in their habitats.
The wattles are located on either side of their face, near the base of the beak. In juveniles, these wattles are somewhat smaller and less pronounced.
These wattles serve a functional purpose. They are believed to play a role in social signaling and could help with species recognition. This makes it easier for the birds to identify each other in their environment.
2) They inhabit wetlands and grasslands across sub-Saharan Africa
African wattled lapwings are found in a diverse range of habitats throughout sub-Saharan Africa. These birds are commonly seen in wetlands, enjoying the rich environment provided by these areas.
They are also at home in grasslands, where open spaces allow them to forage easily. Such habitats provide ample opportunities for feeding and breeding.
The presence of both these environments supports their lifestyle. Whether in the water-logged wetlands or the dry grasslands, they adapt well to the conditions. This adaptability is essential for their survival in varying climates.
These habitats span across countries such as Kenya, Botswana, and Ghana. Their wide distribution signifies their ability to thrive under different ecological conditions.
From lush wetlands to expansive grasslands, the African wattled lapwing continues to find homes that support its existence. Their distribution across sub-Saharan Africa highlights their resilience and versatility in habitat choice.
3) These birds are highly territorial and defend their nesting sites fiercely.
African wattled lapwings are known for their strong territorial instincts. They rigorously guard their chosen nesting sites against any potential intruders. This fierce defense helps ensure the safety of their eggs and chicks.
During the breeding season, these birds become particularly vigilant. They can often be seen chasing away other birds or animals that come too close to their nests. Their loud calls serve as both a warning and a method to establish their territorial boundaries.
Their territorial behavior is not limited to other species. African wattled lapwings will also engage in aggressive displays and even physical confrontations with other lapwings. This ensures they maintain control over the most suitable nesting areas.
Such behavior is crucial in environments where nesting sites and food resources can be scarce. Their defense strategies include visual displays of wing-flapping and calling, as well as direct charges at perceived threats. This tenacity in protecting their territory showcases their dedication to ensuring the survival of their offspring.
4) Their diet consists mainly of insects and other small invertebrates.
The African wattled lapwing feeds primarily on a variety of insects. Beetles, ants, and grasshoppers make up a significant portion of their diet. They locate these insects on the ground, foraging through grasslands and wetlands.
These birds are also known to consume small invertebrates. Earthworms and mollusks are commonly eaten. During the rainy season, when the ground is moist, the availability of these invertebrates increases.
Diet can slightly vary depending on the region and season. Insects and other small invertebrates remain the mainstay. The wattled lapwing’s adaptability ensures they always find adequate food.
Eggs and larvae of different insects are also part of their menu. This diverse diet allows the wattled lapwing to thrive in different environments.
While foraging, they use their keen eyesight to spot prey. Their methodical approach ensures they efficiently capture and consume their diet’s primary sources.
5) African wattled lapwings have a unique, high-pitched call used for communication.
African wattled lapwings are known for their distinctive, high-pitched call. This call, which sounds like “peep-peep-peep,” is used for various communication purposes.
These birds use their calls to establish territory and ward off potential intruders. The loud, repetitive nature of their call makes it effective in open landscapes, such as marshes and wet grasslands.
Additionally, African wattled lapwings use their calls to communicate with their mates and offspring. The call helps to maintain cohesion among family groups, especially during the breeding season.
Their high-pitched call is not only audible but also serves as a visual signal when accompanied by specific behaviors. For example, they may flutter their wings or perform aerial displays to emphasize their vocalizations.
6) They are known to perform broken-wing displays to distract predators from their nests.
African wattled lapwings are known for their cunning behavior when it comes to protecting their nests. One of the most fascinating tactics they employ is the broken-wing display. This deceptive act is designed to mislead predators and draw attention away from their vulnerable eggs or chicks.
During a broken-wing display, the lapwing pretends to be injured, dragging one wing as if it were broken. This performance makes the bird appear as an easy target, encouraging predators to follow it away from the nest. It’s a well-calculated move to ensure the safety of their offspring.
The broken-wing display is not only a testament to the bird’s adaptability, but also an impressive survival strategy. By mimicking an injured bird, the lapwing increases the likelihood that the predator will be lured away, giving the nestlings a greater chance to stay hidden and safe.
7) Both male and female participate in incubating the eggs and caring for the chicks.
In the African wattled lapwing species, both the male and female play active roles in incubation and chick care.
The male and female take turns sitting on the eggs, keeping them warm and protected.
This shared responsibility extends to feeding and protecting the chicks once they hatch.
Both parents bring food to the nest and ensure that the chicks are safe from predators.
By working together, they increase the chances of their offspring’s survival and growth.
8) The chicks are precocial, meaning they are relatively mature and mobile from birth.
African wattled lapwing chicks are fascinating due to their precocial nature. From the moment they hatch, they are already well-developed and capable of moving around independently. This trait distinguishes them from species whose young require extensive parental care.
These chicks are equipped with open eyes and a layer of down feathers. This early development allows them to regulate their body temperature more effectively. Their ability to walk shortly after hatching helps them avoid potential predators.
The mobility of these chicks influences their feeding habits as well. Instead of relying entirely on their parents for food, they can start foraging for themselves within a short period. This reduces the burden on the parent birds and increases the chicks’ chances of survival.
Their innate maturity also means they quickly learn essential survival skills. They are able to recognize and respond to various environmental cues, enhancing their ability to thrive in their natural habitat.
9) African wattled lapwings often build nests in shallow scrapes on the ground.
African wattled lapwings create their nests by scraping shallow depressions in the ground. These nests are usually found among weeds or short grass.
The lapwing’s choice of nesting location offers excellent camouflage, protecting eggs from potential predators. They often select spots in wet grasslands, marshes, or near the edges of lakes.
Both parents share the responsibility of guarding and incubating the eggs. Typically, the female lays three or four eggs in the shallow scrape. The eggs blend seamlessly with the immediate environment.
10) Their scientific name is Vanellus senegallus.
The African wattled lapwing’s scientific name is Vanellus senegallus. This name helps in identifying and classifying the bird within the broader scientific community.
Vanellus is the genus, which encompasses other lapwing species as well. The species name, senegallus, likely refers to its geographic association with Senegal and surrounding regions in Africa.
This naming follows the binomial nomenclature system introduced by Carl Linnaeus. Understanding the scientific name is important for researchers and bird enthusiasts alike. It ensures accurate communication and data sharing across different fields and languages.
Vanellus senegallus is a part of the Charadriidae family, which includes other waders and related species.
11) These birds are sometimes also known as Senegal lapwings.
The African wattled lapwing is sometimes referred to as the Senegal lapwing. This alternative name reflects its scientific name, Vanellus senegallus.
The name “Senegal lapwing” is derived from the bird’s presence in West Africa, particularly near Senegal. Though widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, the name highlights a significant region in its range.
Senegal lapwings are easily identifiable by their yellow wattles with red bases. Their conspicuous appearance sets them apart from other lapwing species.
The term “Senegal lapwing” is less commonly used than “African wattled lapwing.” However, both names refer to the same bird species and are correct.
12) They have a distinctive, black-and-white wing pattern visible in flight.
In flight, the African wattled lapwing displays a unique black-and-white wing pattern. This feature is a key identifier for birdwatchers and ornithologists alike.
The black-and-white contrast is most visible when the bird spreads its wings, such as during takeoff or when gliding.
This striking pattern assists in species identification from a distance, especially in their native habitats. The visual cue provided by the contrasting colors helps differentiate the African wattled lapwing from other similar species.
When the lapwing is perched or on the ground, this pattern is less noticeable. Observers must wait for the bird to take flight to fully appreciate the distinctive markings. This visual difference adds an interesting aspect to spotting these birds in the wild.
13) African wattled lapwings are generally monogamous during the breeding season.
African wattled lapwings tend to exhibit monogamous behavior during their breeding season. This means that a pair, consisting of one male and one female, forms a pair bond for the purpose of raising their offspring together.
Usually, these birds establish and defend a specific territory during this period. The male plays a crucial role in protecting the nesting site from potential threats, often using displays and threat postures to deter other birds.
Monogamous mating behavior is beneficial for African wattled lapwings as it allows for the shared responsibility of incubating eggs and feeding chicks. This cooperation increases the survival chances of their young.
This pair bond, while strong during the breeding season, can also involve vigorous territory defense. The male might engage in physical confrontations with rival males to maintain control of their nesting area.
14) They can be found in both lowland and highland areas, up to about 3,000 meters.
The African wattled lapwing is adaptable to various altitudes.
They inhabit both lowland and highland areas. This adaptability allows them to thrive in regions ranging from near sea level up to approximately 3,000 meters.
Their presence in diverse elevations showcases their resilience and versatility. Whether in valleys or mountainous terrains, these birds make the most of their environments.
Their wide range of habitats supports their diet and nesting needs, adapting to local conditions.
This flexibility ensures their survival across many parts of Africa.
15) Adults typically reach a length of about 27-29 cm.
The African wattled lapwing, known for its striking appearance, measures about 27 to 29 cm in length when fully grown.
This bird belongs to the family Charadriidae and stands out due to its distinctive yellow wattles on its face.
In addition to their length, these lapwings exhibit a wingspan that aids in their graceful flight and characteristic movements.
They are commonly found across sub-Saharan Africa, thriving in habitats ranging from grasslands to wetlands.
Their long legs and medium-sized body make them easily recognizable among other bird species in their environment.
16) Their plumage is mainly brown with a white belly and a black breast band.
The African wattled lapwing’s plumage features a distinctive combination of colors. Its upperparts are predominantly brown, giving the bird a camouflaged appearance in its natural habitat.
The bird’s belly is strikingly white, which contrasts sharply with the brown upperparts. This contrast enhances its visibility, especially in flight.
A black breast band adds to the bird’s unique coloration. This band runs across the chest, creating a stark separation between the bird’s brown upperparts and white belly.
The combination of brown, white, and black in the wattled lapwing’s plumage allows it to blend into its environment while also standing out when necessary.
17) African wattled lapwings often form small flocks outside of the breeding season.
African wattled lapwings, also known as Vanellus senegallus, exhibit fascinating social behavior. Outside of the breeding season, these birds often form small flocks. These groups typically consist of pairs or small numbers rather than large gatherings.
During non-breeding periods, the lapwings can be found gathering in regions with newly available habitats. This includes areas like burnt grasslands and temporary water bodies. They are attracted to these environments because they can find ample food sources and suitable living conditions.
The flocks are usually composed of around 20 to 60 individuals, although the numbers can vary. In regions such as Zambia, these larger flocks tend to be more common. Nevertheless, even when in groups, African wattled lapwings maintain a level of individuality compared to some other bird species.
Their behavior in these social structures is essential for their survival, as it allows them to better defend against predators and locate food. This adaptive behavior highlights their ability to thrive in diverse and changing environments.
18) They have long legs and a relatively large body for a lapwing.
The African wattled lapwing, a prominent member of the Charadriidae family, stands out with its long legs. These legs are not just for show; they serve a vital function in the bird’s wading behavior. The bird uses its legs to navigate wetlands and marshes efficiently.
Compared to other lapwings, the African wattled lapwing features a relatively large body. This larger size provides the bird with a noticeable presence in its habitats across sub-Saharan Africa.
Despite its size, the bird’s body remains streamlined. This design aids in both terrestrial and aerial mobility. They can be seen striding confidently through grasslands and taking to the skies with ease. Their physical characteristics enable them to thrive in diverse environments.
19) These birds are considered to be of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
African wattled lapwings are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
This status means they are not currently at risk of extinction. Their populations are stable, with no significant declines observed.
These birds have a wide range across sub-Saharan Africa, which contributes to their classification. Their habitats include wetlands, grasslands, and savannas.
The IUCN Red List uses specific criteria to evaluate species, and the African wattled lapwing meets the criteria for Least Concern. This classification is reassuring for conservationists and bird enthusiasts alike.
20) They are known to live in close association with large herbivores, such as cattle.
African wattled lapwings often inhabit open grasslands where large herbivores like cattle graze. These birds benefit from the presence of these animals.
Large herbivores help to maintain suitable habitats for the lapwings. Grazing reduces vegetation height, making it easier for lapwings to forage for insects and other food sources on the ground.
Additionally, the presence of large herbivores can help to deter potential predators. The movement and size of animals like cattle can discourage smaller predators from approaching the lapwings’ nesting areas.
Lapwings also utilize the disturbed soil created by the hooves of grazing herbivores. This disturbed soil can expose insects and other invertebrates, making food more accessible for the birds.
The relationship between African wattled lapwings and large herbivores is an example of how different species can coexist and even thrive together in shared environments.
21) African Wattled Lapwings Sometimes Participate in Mixed-Species Foraging Flocks
African wattled lapwings are known to join mixed-species foraging flocks. These flocks often consist of various wading birds. This behavior can be observed in their preferred habitats such as marshes and wet grasslands.
Participating in mixed-species flocks offers several advantages. It enhances their ability to find food efficiently. Different species bring unique foraging techniques, potentially uncovering new food sources.
Additionally, being in a group can provide better protection against predators. The presence of multiple species increases vigilance. This allows the lapwings to focus more on feeding and less on keeping watch.
Observations reveal that these interactions often occur during favorable conditions. These include periods of abundant food supply or after rains that flood their habitats. The heightened availability of food attracts various bird species to the same area.
Mixed-species foraging flocks illustrate the adaptable and social nature of African wattled lapwings. This behavior underlines the complexity of their survival strategies and interactions within their ecosystems.
Habitat and Distribution
The African wattled lapwing primarily resides in sub-Saharan Africa, favoring marshes, wet grasslands, and other damp habitats. This bird also adapts to human-modified landscapes, showing a remarkable flexibility in its choice of environment.
Natural Habitat
The African wattled lapwing thrives in marshes, wet grasslands, and flooded edges of lakes. These birds enjoy the waterlogged conditions where invertebrates are plentiful. During the breeding season, they lay their eggs on the ground in these moist environments.
However, the African wattled lapwing is not strictly confined to wet areas. It also makes use of dry savannas, cropped and burnt grasslands, and even cultivated fields. This adaptability allows it to exploit a range of habitats, ensuring it can find food and shelter.
Geographical Range
The geographical range of the African wattled lapwing extends across most of sub-Saharan Africa. They are resident breeders outside dense rainforests, showing some seasonal movements.
Their presence spans countries from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east, and they can be found as far south as South Africa. In drier regions, they may be spotted around pans and seeps, maintaining their peculiar call which makes them quite conspicuous. Adaptable to various climates, they can even be found on golf courses and other human-modified environments.
Behavior and Diet
The African wattled lapwing exhibits intriguing feeding and social behaviors. These birds are highly adaptive in various habitats and social structures.
Feeding Habits
The African wattled lapwing forages primarily in wetlands, grasslands, and cultivated fields. They hunt for insects, worms, and small crustaceans. Their diet is quite varied and opportunistic.
Feeding Techniques:
- Probing and Pecking: They use their beaks to peck or probe into the soil or mud, retrieving hidden prey.
- Visual Hunting: They often stand still and watch for movement before quickly striking.
These birds are also known to feed at night, taking advantage of different insect activity.
Social Structure
African wattled lapwings display notable social behaviors. They are often seen in pairs or small groups, especially during the breeding season.
Key Social Behaviors:
- Territoriality: Males defend their territories vigorously, engaging in displays and sometimes physical conflicts.
- Monogamy: These birds form monogamous pairs that stay together throughout the breeding season.
- Nesting: They make shallow ground nests, with both parents often involved in protecting the eggs and chicks.
Their calls, such as the distinctive “peep-peep-peep,” play a vital role in communication within these groups.
Breeding and Lifespan
The African wattled lapwing is known for its unique breeding behaviors and variable lifespan. These birds are adaptable and follow specific patterns related to reproduction and survival in their habitats.
Reproduction
The African wattled lapwing exhibits interesting reproductive behaviors. They are opportunistic breeders, choosing their nesting times based on local rainfall patterns. Breeding can occur at any month of the year, depending on the specific locality.
Nests are generally built on the ground in open areas, often in small depressions lined with grass and other vegetation. The clutch size typically consists of 2-4 eggs. Both parents share the responsibility of incubating the eggs, which take about 28 days to hatch.
The chicks are precocial, meaning they are relatively mature and mobile shortly after hatching. They are covered with down and can leave the nest within hours of birth. This early mobility helps them evade predators and enhances their survival chances.
Lifespan
The lifespan of the African wattled lapwing varies. On average, these birds can live between 10-15 years in the wild. Their longevity is influenced by environmental factors, habitat quality, and predation pressures.
In ideal conditions, with ample food supply and minimal threats, they can reach the upper end of this range. Predation from larger birds, mammals, and habitat destruction are significant threats that can reduce their lifespan.
Wattled lapwings are also susceptible to fluctuations in their environment, and drastic changes can impact their mortality rates. The adaptability of this species helps them navigate these challenges, contributing to their spread across sub-Saharan Africa.